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1947 WT Astbury, a chemist in Leeds, made pioneer x-ray diffraction study of DNA fibres and found evidence of considerable regularity in DNA.

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1948 Max Perutz, chemist, established a protein x-ray laboratory within the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, funded by the Medical Research Council.

1950 Erwin Chargaff, a chemist in New York, found a pattern in DNA’s chemical letters — guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine — that provides a hint to its structure.