JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109, D24101, doi:10.1029/2004JD004936, 2004
Figure 1. Images of the study site: (a) Oblique photograph looking north showing the observation site. Arrow indicates location of tower. (b) Aerial photograph of city center with location of the tower and other sensors. The horizontal bar is 1 km. Note that this is a modified version of Figure 1 of Lemonsu et al. [2004a], which had errors.
Figure 2. (a) Average climatology by month for Marseille-Marignane (WMO ID 07650) based on WMO Global Station Network (1921–1999) data. Mean and standard deviation are shown for temperature (T) and precipitation along with mean, maximum, and minimum temperature and station level pressure. (b) Conditions at Marseille-Marignane during ESCOMPTE, times of intensive operation periods (IOPs), and wind régime classification (see text) are shown. Days without a symbol are classified as “other.” Bars associated with the mean temperature are the maximum and minimum temperatures for the day.
Figure 3. Mean and standard deviation of the ratio by level of u* and QH (L1/L2) when the tower is in the U and D positions by time of day.
Figure 4. Mean and standard deviation of surface albedo with height (U1, D1).
Figure 5. Mean radiation balance at the U1 (lines with symbols) and D1 (symbols) levels.
Figure 6. Mean daily fluxes for each day of the observation period. The upper line of text gives information on the prevailing wind régime (M, mistral; S, sea breeze; O, other). On the next two lines, C indicates complete 24 hour data coverage with the presence of data for condition 1 on line C1 (see Table 5 and text) and with the presence of data for condition 2 on line C2. The data connected with lines and open symbols are for condition 1; the solid symbols are for condition 2.
Figure 7. Mean and standard deviation of the energy balance fluxes for all L1 (U1 and D1) data for the study period for condition 1 of Figure 6.
Figure 8. Mean and standard deviations of the surface energy balance fluxes (left column) for days defined as sea breeze (top), mistral (middle), and other (bottom). Mean and standard deviation of surface cover characteristics in the flux source area associated with these conditions (middle column). Normalized fluxes compared by wind condition (right column) for Bowen ratio (QH/QE) (top panel) and turbulent sensible heat flux (QH/Q*), latent heat flux (QE/Q*), and net storage heat flux (ΔQS/Q*) (bottom three panels). See Figure 6 for definitions of days.
Figure 9. Bowen ratio versus vegetation plus water fraction for midday period. The line and solid black circles are data from Grimmond and Oke [2002] (see their Figure 5b). The open symbols are the individual days, and the solid symbols are the average for the observations.
Figure 10. Mean diurnal pattern of FCO2 by level for the observation period (open symbols) with standard deviations. Solid symbols mean for periods when σCO2 < 0.2 mmol m−3. In both cases, N had to be greater than 5 for an individual hour to be plotted.
Figure 11. Diurnal pattern of stability by level (U1, U2, D1, and D2). Mean, standard deviation, and 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles are shown.
Figure 12. Variation of u*/U for neutral conditions with nondimensional heights (left) z′/z0 and (right) zs/zH. Mean and standard deviation are shown for a normalized height and direction data. Line in left panel is based on log profile, and line in right panel is based on Roth [2000, equation (5)] (u*/U = 0.094 + 0.353 exp [−0.946(zs/zH)]). Squares are data from this study, and crosses are data reported by Roth [2000, Figure 1].
Figure 13. Variation of (top) Au = σu/u*, (middle) Av = σv/u*, and (bottom) Aw = σw/u* with unstable stability (logarithmic scale) with Roth [2000, Figure 4] data. Mean and standard deviation are shown for each level binned by stability. Dotted, blue lines and solid, red lines are from Roth [2000, equation (6b)] using his Table 5 zs/zH > 2.5 and all coefficients, respectively. The 1/3 slope is also shown.
Figure 14. Turbulence intensities (top) IU = σu/U, (middle) Iv = σv/U, and (bottom) Iw = σw/U for neutral conditions with nondimensional heights z′/z0 (left) and zs/zH (right). The lines in the left column are from Roth [2000] based on theory, his equation (8), and those in the right column are from his empirical equation (9), which has the form Ii = ai + bi exp [−ci(zs/zH)] with coefficients for u of ai = 0.259, bi = 0.582, and ci = 0.943; for v of 0.163, 0.391, and 0.563; and for w of 0.114, 0.226, and 0.634, respectively.
Figure 15. Turbulence intensity with stability with Roth [2000, Figure 8] data.
Citation: (2004), Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built-up site in Marseille: Heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24101, doi:10.1029/2004JD004936.