Dates

• 284-305 Diocletian

• 306-337 Constantine

  330 Foundation of Constantinople

  361-3 Julian

  379-94 Theodosius

  391 Prohibition of pagan sacrifice

  409 Britain secedes

  410 Alaric and Visigoths sack Rome

  430 Augustine d.

  451 Council of Chalcedon

  455 Vandals sack Rome

  476 Fall of the Western Empire to Odoacer and the Ostrogoths

  527-565 Justinian

  541 Plague

  610-41 Heraclius

  622 The Hegira: Mohammed moves from Mecca to Medina

  636 Battle of River Yarmuk: Byzantines lose the East to the Arabs

General Bibliography

E. Gibbon , Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-82) Available online (selections).

E. Gibbon, Memoirs (Penguin ed. 1984; edited and abridged, Womersley, 2000)

J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (repr. 1958 and online)

• A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire (Oxford 1964) A major work of reference. For a summary see his The Decline of the Ancient World (London 1966); see also J. Liebeschuetz, 'A. H. M. Jones and the Later Roman Empire', in D. Clark ed., The Later Roman Empire Today, Papers given in honour of Professor John Mann (London, 1993), 1-8

• Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (London 1971)
  • The Making of Late Antiquity (Harvard 1978)
  • Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (1982)
  • 'Late Antiquity', in P. Ariès and G. Duby, eds., A History of Private Life I (1987)
  • Poverty and leadership in the later Roman Empire (Hanover, N.H, 2002).
    The Rise of Western Christendom. Triumph and Diversity 200-1000 AD (Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, new edition 2002)
• Cyril Mango, Byzantium.The Empire of New Rome (London, 1980)
• Judith Herrin, The Formation of Christendom (London 1988)
• K. Randsborg, The First Millenium AD . (Cambridge, 1991)
• Alexander Kazhdan, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, I-III (Oxford 1991)
• Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire (Fontana/Harper Collins, pb, 1993)
• - The Mediterranean World, AD 395-600 (Routledge, pb., 1993)
• M. Brown and L. Webster edd., The Transformation of the Roman World (British Museum, 1997)
• Roger Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000² (Macmillan, 1999), pb
• Richard Reece, The later Roman Empire: an archaeology AD 150-600 (Stroud Tempus, 1999).
•  Peter Brown, Oleg Grabar, edd., Late antiquity a guide to the postclassical world (Harvard , 1999)
•   The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13, The Late Empire, AD 337–425
  edited by Averil Cameron, Peter Garnsey (Cambridge 1999)
• The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 14 Late antiquity: Empire and successors, A.D. 425-600 edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby (Cambridge, 2000)
• G.W. Bowersock, Selected papers on late antiquity, Munera 16 (Bari, 2000).
• Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The corrupting sea: a study of Mediterranean history (Oxford, 2000)
• Michael McCormick, Origins of the European economy communications and commerce AD 300-900 (Cambridge, 2001)
• Peter Garnsey and Caroline Humfress, The evolution of the late antique world (Cambridge Orchard Academic 2001)
• Cyril Mango ed., The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2oo2)
• Michael Whitby, Rome at war : AD 229-696 (London, 2002)
• Christopher Kelly, Ruling the later Roman Empire (Harvard 2004)
• Simon Swain and Mark Edwards edd., Approaching late antiquity : the transformation from early to late empire (Oxford, 2004)
• T. E. Gregory, A History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2005)
• The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, Peter Garnsey (Cambridge, 2005)
• Paul Fouracre, The new Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 1, c.500-c.700 (Cambridge, 2005)
• B. Ward-Perkins, The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization (Oxford, 2005)
• Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History (London, 2005)
• Chris Wickham, Framing the Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 (Oxford, 2005)
• Stephen Mitchell, A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284-641 : the transformation of the ancient world (Oxford, 2006)
• A. Laiou and C. Morrisson, The Byzantine Economy (Cambridge, 2007)
  
• Chris Wickham, The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000 (London, 2009)

  Maps of the area :

  Tim Cornell and John Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World (Oxford, 1982)
• The Barrington Atlas (Princeton, 2000)

  Main Primary Sources

  Michael Maas, Readings in late antiquity: a sourcebook  (London, Routledge, 2000)
  .
  Eusebius, early 4th c., Greek, History of the Church online also trans. Penguin

  • Life of Constantine online;  Also new English translation by Averil Cameron and Stuart Hall (Oxford, 1999)

    In Praise of Constantine online , trans. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers I (= NPNF I)

  Ammianus Marcellinus , late 4th c., Latin, Histories, Penguin trans, with good intro. by A. Wallace-Hadrill; Loeb ed.

  Augustine , Bishop of Hippo, early 5th c., Latin,

  Confessions trans. A. Outler, City of God online (excerpts) , also trans. Penguin

  Theodosian Code (Cod.Theod.) Latin, 5c. compilation, Latin text online ; Eng. trans.Clyde Pharr.

  Zosimus , early 6c., Greek, New History trans. R. Ridley, (Melbourne, 1982) 1814 translation online

  John Malalas, 6th c., Greek, Chronicle , trans. E. Jeffreys et al., (Melbourne 1986)

  Procopius , 6th c., Greek, History of the Wars (8 bks., 551 and 553/4) Secret History (?551) Buildings (554) (All Loeb editions, also Penguin trans. of Secret History)

  Web resources

  Paul Halsall and others, Internet Mediaeval Sourcebook

  R. A. Mathisen, An Online Directory of Roman Emperors

  ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies

• www.netserf.org

• See also coins

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• Last updated February 11, 2010