Papers relating to The Nuclear Age
television documentary series, transmitted on Central
Independent Television, Jan-Mar 1989.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/1-11/133] Interview transcripts,
USA, 1961-1968, [1979], [1985-1989].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/1]
1986 Nov 10
Typescript transcript of interview with David Aaron, US Deputy Assistant to US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter for National Security Affairs, 1977-1981, relating to the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), Geneva, Switzerland, 1977-1979; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) by US President Carter and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1979; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Ethiopia, 1977-1980; the visit to Ethiopia by Aaron and his meeting with Ethiopian President Col Mengistu Haile Mariam, 1978; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Dec 1979; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; the Iran hostage crisis, the capture of the US Embassy and sixty six US hostages by Iranian followers of the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Nov 1979-Jan 1981; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Jan 1980; US Presidential Directive 59 (PD 59) on the development of the US counter force strategy, of attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, in order to deter an enhanced Soviet first strike capability, Jul 1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/2]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Kenneth Lee Adelman, Assistant to Donald H Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, 1975-1977, Senior Political Scientist, Stanford Research Center, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 1977-1981, Ambassador and US Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations (UN) Organisation, 1981-1983, and Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1983-1987, relating to the influence of the US Committee on the Present Danger on the administration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1981-1984; the role of the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1983-1987; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START I) between the USA and the USSR, 1982-[1988]; the summit meeting between US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/3]
[1986]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Maj Gen Royal Allison, USAF, US Joint Chiefs of Staff Representative on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Delegation, 1969-1972, relating to the Soviet and Warsaw Pact intervention in Czechoslovakia, Aug 1968; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland, 1969-1972; the increase in production of Soviet Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), 1964-1965; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; US 'Safeguard' (previously known as 'Sentinel') anti ballistic missile (ABM) defence programme, of Nike X XLIM-49A Spartan and Sprint interceptor missiles, [1969-1970]; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) [1968-1972]; the Soviet objectives during the SALT I negotiations, 1969-1972; the opinion of US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson on the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), 1972; Allison's dismissal from the US SALT Delegation, [1972]; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, and the signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), by US President Richard Milhous Nixon and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Moscow, USSR, May 1972; the influence of US involvement in Vietnam on the SALT I negotiations, 1969-1972.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/4]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Arty Alpert, member of the American Friends Services Committee and an activist for the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985, relating to the activities of the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985; the role of the American Friends Services Committee, Concord, New Hampshire, USA, 1981-1984.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/5]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Joseph Wright Alsop Jr, author and journalist with The New York Herald Tribune, 1932-1935 and 1945-1958, The Washington Post and The Los Angeles Times, 1958-1974, relating to the Berlin airlift, Germany, 1948-1949; the deployment by US President Harry S Truman of nuclear capable Boeing B-29 Superfortresses to US bases in the UK during the Berlin airlift crisis, 1948; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; the Korean War, 1950-1953; the Soviet development of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) and the reduction in production of strategic bombers, 1956-1958; the launch of the Soviet Sputnik I and Sputnik II Earth orbiting satellites, Oct and Nov 1957; the US development of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), [1955-1960].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/6]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Adm George Waldo Anderson, Jr, US Chief of Naval Operations, 1961-1963, relating to the Cuban Missile crisis, Oct 1962; speculation on whether the USA had prior knowledge of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba, 1962; the Cuban revolution, 1956; US military exercises, held in North Carolina, USA, in preparation for an amphibious invasion of Cuba, Oct 1962; US Navy anti submarine warfare operations, Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the leadership and character of US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; US Joint Security Council meetings, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; Anderson's professional relationship with and personal opinion of Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962; US agreement with the USSR on the removal of US Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) from Turkey, 1965.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/7]
1986 Mar 1
Typescript transcript of interview with R Gordon Arneson, Assistant to Henry (Lewis) Stimson, US Secretary of War, 1940-1945, and Atomic Energy Adviser to Dean Gooderham Acheson, US Under Secretary of State, 1945-1949, relating to the career of Henry (Lewis) Stimson, US Secretary of War, 1940-1945; the US development of the atomic bomb, 1942-1945; the collaboration between the USA and UK during the Manhattan Project, 1942-1945; the decision by US President Harry S Truman to use the atomic bomb against Japan, Aug 1945; the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946; the US Atomic Energy Act (the MacMahon Act), ending nuclear co-operation between the USA and the UK, 1946.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/8]
1986 Mar 2
Typescript transcript of interview with R Gordon Arneson, Assistant to Henry (Lewis) Stimson, US Secretary of War, 1940-1945, and Atomic Energy Adviser to Dean Gooderham Acheson, US Under Secretary of State, 1945-1949, relating to nuclear and conventional military planning, US State Department, [1946-1948]; the deployment by US President Harry S Truman of nuclear capable Boeing B-29 Superfortresses to US bases in the UK during the Berlin airlift crisis, 1948; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; the support of Dean Gooderham Acheson, US Under Secretary of State, 1945-1949, for the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1948-1952.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/9]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with George Wildman Ball, Director, US Strategic Bombing Survey, 1944-1945, US Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, 1961, and US Under Secretary of State, 1961-1966, relating to the Nassau Agreement between US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Prime Minister Rt Hon (Maurice) Harold Macmillan, on the adoption by the UK of the US Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) as the UK independent nuclear deterrent, Nassau, New Providence Islands, the Bahamas, Caribbean, Dec 1962; the relationship between US President Kennedy and Prime Minister Macmillan, Nassau, Dec 1962; the development of the French nuclear weapons programme, 1952-1960; the meeting between Ball and French President Gen Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle, 1963; US plans for the creation of a Multilateral Force (MLF) in western Europe, [1964-1965]; the withdrawal of French forces from the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) Military Committee, 1966; the US reaction to the French withdrawal from NATO, 1966.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/10]
1986 Mar 12
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Hans Albrecht Bethe, Professor of Theoretical Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1937-1975, Director, Theoretical Physics Division, Manhattan Project, Los Alamos Science Laboratory, 1943-1946, member of US President's Science Advisory Committee, 1956-1960, and member of US Presidential Study on Disarmament, 1958, relating to the first successful splitting of an atom of Uranium by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Berlin, Germany, Dec 1938; nuclear research in Europe and the USA, 1933-1939; wartime nuclear research in Germany, the UK and the USA, 1939-1945; the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; US military requirements for atomic weapons, 1945-1948; Operation CROSSROADS, the two US nuclear tests, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Jun-Jul 1946; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952; Operation SANDSTONE, the three US atomic bomb tests, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Apr-May 1948; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1949-1952; the importance of Professor Edward Teller in the US thermonuclear development programme, 1949-1952; Operation GREENHOUSE, the four US nuclear tests, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Apr-May 1951.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/11]
1986 Mar 12
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Hans Albrecht Bethe, Professor of Theoretical Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1937-1975, Director, Theoretical Physics Division, Manhattan Project, Los Alamos Science Laboratory, 1943-1946, member of US President's Science Advisory Committee, 1956-1960, and member of US Presidential Study on Disarmament, 1958, relating to the first successful splitting of an atom of Uranium by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Berlin, Germany, Dec 1938; nuclear research in Europe and the USA, 1933-1939; wartime nuclear research in Germany, the UK and the USA, 1939-1945; the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; US military requirements for atomic weapons, 1945-1948; Operation CROSSROADS, the two US nuclear tests, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Jun-Jul 1946; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952; Operation SANDSTONE, the three US atomic bomb tests, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Apr-May 1948; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1949-1952; the importance of Professor Edward Teller in the US thermonuclear development programme, 1949-1952; Operation GREENHOUSE, the four US nuclear tests, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Apr-May 1951. Copy of 11/10
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/12]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Robert R Bowie, Chairman, Policy Planning Staff, US State Department, 1953-1957, relating to the US opinion of the UK's atomic bomb development programme, 1947-1952; the permanent basing of US troops in western Europe, Sep 1950; the US Atoms for Peace programme to share nuclear knowledge with other countries, 1953; negotiations between the USA, USSR, France and the UK on the neutralisation of Germany, Jan-Feb 1954; the inclusion of the Federal Republic of Germany in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 1954; the rearmament of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1955; the rumour that John Foster Dulles, US Secretary of State, 1953-1959, offered France US atomic bombs to use in Indo-China following the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, 1954; the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, 1954-1960; the commissioning, by Christian Archibald Herter, US Secretary of State, of a long term plan for NATO, 1959-1960; the cancellation of the US Douglas Skybolt Air Launched Ballistic Missile (ALBM) programme and the adoption by the UK of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), 1960-1962; the adoption by the USA and NATO of the strategic policy of flexible response, 1961 and 1967.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/13]
1986 Mar 16-17
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Norris Edwin Bradbury, Director, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, 1945-1970, relating to the difficulty in retaining US atomic scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, following the Japanese surrender, Sep 1945; Operation CROSSROADS, the two US nuclear tests, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Jun-Jul 1946; the military requirements for US nuclear weapons, 1947-1948; the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 1947-1948; Operation SANDSTONE, the three US atomic bomb tests, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Apr-May 1948; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1949-1952; the importance of Professor Edward Teller in the US thermonuclear development programme, 1949-1952; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952; the arrest of Dr Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, a nuclear physicist, for passing atomic secrets to the USSR, 1950; Operation GREENHOUSE, the four US nuclear tests, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Apr-May 1951.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/14]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of extracts of interviews with Dr Harold Brown, Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California, USA, 1960-1961, Director, Defense Research and Engineering, US Department of Defense, 1961-1965, US Secretary of the Air Force, 1965-1969, member of US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and II (SALT I and II), 1969-1977, and US Secretary of Defense, 1977-1981, relating to US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; US Presidential Directive 59 (PD 59) on the development of the US counter force strategy, of attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, in order to deter an enhanced Soviet first strike capability, Jul 1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/15]
1987 Mar 26
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Harold Brown, Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California, USA, 1960-1961, Director, Defense Research and Engineering, US Department of Defense, 1961-1965, US Secretary of the Air Force, 1965-1969, member of US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and II (SALT I and II), 1969-1977, and US Secretary of Defense, 1977-1981, relating to the withdrawal from service with the US Strategic Air Command (SAC) of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet and the Convair B-58 Hustler supersonic bomber, [1970]; the cancellation of the North American XB-70A Valkyrie strategic bomber project [1962]; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the nuclear doctrine of counterforce, emphasising limited nuclear strikes against an enemy's armed forces and not against civilian populations, 1962; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) [1968-1972]; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), Jun 1979; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Dec 1979; the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; US Presidential Directive 59 (PD 59) on the development of the US counter force strategy, of attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, in order to deter an enhanced Soviet first strike capability, Jul 1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/16]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Zbigniew (Kasimierz) Brzezinski, US National Security Advisor, 1977-1981, relating to the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Ethiopia, 1977-1980; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) by US President Carter and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1979; the Iran hostage crisis, the capture of the US Embassy and sixty six US hostages by Iranian followers of the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Nov 1979-Jan 1981; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Jan 1980; the summit meeting between US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/17]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with McGeorge Bundy, Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to US Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1961-1966, relating to the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the history of arms control agreements and treaties between the USA and the USSR, 1972-1988; the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START I) between the USA and the USSR, 1982-1991; the planned expansion of the British and French nuclear arsenal, [1989]; the existence and purpose of a British independent nuclear deterrent, [1989]; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972], and Bundy's own belief in a doctrinal shift to SANE (Survivable, Assured Nuclear Effectiveness), [1989]; the future of US/Soviet arms control negotiations, [1989].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/18]
1986 Mar 20
Typescript transcript of interview with McGeorge Bundy, Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to US Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1961-1966, relating to the Berlin crisis and the construction of the Berlin wall, Germany, Aug 1961; the Summit conference between US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1961; the US plan for a nuclear first strike by aircraft of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) against the USSR, 1961; the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, 1954-1960; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/19]
1986 Mar 20
Typescript transcript of interview with McGeorge Bundy, Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to US Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1961-1966, and Professor of History, New York University, USA, 1979-[1989], relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the leadership and character of US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963; the removal of US Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) from Turkey, 1965.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/20]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with George Bunn, General Counsel, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1961-1969, Dean of the Law School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 1972-1975, relating to nuclear proliferation, 1945-[1987]; the US Atoms for Peace programme to share nuclear knowledge with other countries, 1953; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963; US plans for the creation of a Multilateral Force (MLF) in western Europe, [1964-1965]; the detonation of the first Chinese nuclear weapon, Lop Nor, People's Republic of China, Oct 1964; the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Jul 1968; the Indian nuclear development programme, [1955]-1974; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I), 1969-1972; the detonation of India's first nuclear device, Rajasthan Desert, India, May 1974.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/21]
1987 Oct 20
Typescript transcript of interviews with Richard Burt, Director, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, US State Department, 1981-1982, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs, 1982-1985, and US Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany, 1985-1988, relating to the adoption by US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan of the 'zero option', whereby the US would not deploy General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles if the USSR withdrew SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM), SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) and SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM), from west of the Ural mountains, 1981; US/Soviet arms control negotiations, 1981-1983; European opposition to the US deployment of General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles, 1982-1983; the tour of Europe conducted by US Vice President George Bush, Feb 1983; the summit meeting between US President Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986; NATO's (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) strategy of flexible response, 1987; the future of NATO, 1987; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/22]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Lt Gen Frank Camm, US Army Staff Officer involved in planning the role of nuclear weapons in US defence stategy, 1957, relating to the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF, and the US nuclear weapons programme, 1957; the US military strategy of 'The New Look', based on a reduction in conventional forces and an increased reliance on thermonuclear and tactical nuclear weapons, 1957-1960; the US deployment of tactical nuclear weapons to North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) countries, [1958-1960]; the adoption by the USA and NATO of the strategic policy of flexible response, 1961 and 1967.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/23]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Albert Carnesale, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1969-1972, member of the US delegation for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I), 1970-1972, Lucius Littauer Professor of Public Policy and Administration, and Provost of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1974-1981, and Academic Dean, John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1981-1991, relating to US/Soviet relations during the administration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1981-1989; US expenditure on defence, 1981-1982; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; Soviet opposition to the US development of SDI, 1984-1986; the summit meeting between US President Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/24]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Adm Eugene Carroll, served as a pilot in the Korean War, 1950-1953, commanded an Aircraft Carrier Battle Group, US 6 Fleet, eastern Mediterranean, [1965], Deputy Director, Center for Defense Information, Washington DC, USA, [1975], relating to the Korean War, 1950-1953; the conversion of the Douglas AD Skyraider carrierborne attack aircraft into a nuclear delivery system, [1955-1957]; the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, 1954-1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/25]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Ashton Baldwin Carter, Research Analyst, Office of US Secretary of Defense, 1981-1982, member of the Committee on International Security and Arms Control, US Academy of Sciences, [Washington DC], USA, and member of the US Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, [1988], relating to the role of the US Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, [1988]; a report, written by Carter, on the technical options for the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1984; the speech made by US President Reagan announcing the launch of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), Washington DC, USA, 23 Mar 1983; the development of US SDI technologies, 1983-[1988]; US investment in SDI, 1984-[1988]; Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) as a technological fact, [1988].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/26]
1987 Jan 27
Typescript transcript of interview with James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter, US President, 1977-1981, relating to Carter's desire to reduce the US nuclear arsenal during his administration, 1977-1981; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), Geneva, Switzerland, 1977-1979; Carter's meeting with US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson to discuss US-Soviet arms control negotiations, Feb 1977; US concern on the Soviet development and deployment of the SS-18 'Satan' Model 2 Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), equipped with eight to ten multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV), 1976-1977; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the visit of Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs, to Washington DC, USA, Sep 1977; the opinions of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1977-1979; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Ethiopia, 1977-1980; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) by US President Carter and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1979; the invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR, Dec 1979; Carter's approval of renewed US aid to Pakistan and the sale of Uranium to India, 1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/27]
1987 Jan 27
Typescript transcript of interview with James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter, US President, 1977-1981, relating to Carter's desire to reduce the US nuclear arsenal during his administration, 1977-1981; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), Geneva, Switzerland, 1977-1979; Carter's meeting with US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson to discuss US-Soviet arms control negotiations, Feb 1977; US concern on the Soviet development and deployment of the SS-18 'Satan' Model 2 Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), equipped with eight to ten multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV), 1976-1977; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the visit of Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs, to Washington DC, USA, Sep 1977; the opinions of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1977-1979; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Ethiopia, 1977-1980; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) by US President Carter and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1979; the invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR, Dec 1979; Carter's approval of renewed US aid to Pakistan and the sale of Uranium to India, 1980. Copy of 11/26
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/28]
1986 Feb 28
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Abram J Chayes, Professor of Law, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1958-1961 and 1965-1976, Legal Adviser, US State Department, 1961-1964, member of the Foreign Policy and Defense Task Force during James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter's Presidential Election Campaign, 1976, and Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law, Harvard University, 1976-1984, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the Organisation of American States (OAS) Charter as a basis in international law for US involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the increase in production of Soviet Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), 1964-1965; the removal of US Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) from Turkey, 1965.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/29]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Clark McAdams Clifford, Special Counsel to US President Harry S Truman, 1946-1950, and US Secretary of Defense, 1968-1969, relating to the Truman Doctrine, the provision of US military and economic aid for any country threatened by Communism, Mar 1947; the Marshall Plan, the US Foreign Assistance Act to aid European Recovery after World War Two, 1948; the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 1947-1948; the Communist coup d'etat in Czechoslovakia, Feb 1948; the Berlin airlift, Germany, 1948-1949; the deployment by US President Truman of nuclear capable Boeing B-29 Superfortresses to US bases in the UK during the Berlin airlift crisis, 1948; the US Presidential election campaign, 1948; the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 1949; US President Truman's reaction to the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/30]
1986 Mar 19
Typescript transcript of interview with US Brig Gen Chester V Clifton, Jr, Military Aide to US Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1961-1965, relating to the Summit conference between US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1961; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the leadership and character of US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and of his brother, Robert Francis Kennedy, US Attorney General, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the meeting between US President Kennedy and Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Washington DC, USA, 18 Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; Khrushchev's announcement on the removal of Soviet nuclear weapons from Cuba, 28 Oct 1962.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/31]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Ray Steiner Cline, Deputy Director of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1962-1966, relating to the influence of the US Strategic Air Command (SAC) on high US Government defence spending by the exaggeration of Soviet nuclear capabilities, [1955]; the presentation by Cline, to US President Dwight David Eisenhower and the US National Security Council, of Soviet Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), prior to the launch of Sputnil I, 1957; the Quemoy-Matsu crisis between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China, and the subsequent deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations, 1958; the Chinese nuclear weapons programme, 1957-1964; the withdrawal of Soviet nuclear and industrial aid to the People's Republic of China, Aug 1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/32]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Ray Steiner Cline, Deputy Director of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1962-1966, Special Adviser, US Embassy, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany, 1966-1969, Director, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US State Department, 1969-1973, and Director of World Power Studies, Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, USA, 1973-1984, relating to the Bay of Pigs incident, Cochinos Bay, Cuba, Apr 1961; assassination attempts on Dr Fidel Castro (Ruz), Prime Minister of Cuba, [1958-1962]; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the leadership and character of US President Kennedy, and of his brother, Robert Francis Kennedy, US Attorney General, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; Cuban influence and involvement in Angola and Nicaragua, 1963-[1989]; the increase in production of Soviet Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), 1964-1965.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/33]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Norman Cousins, Editor of The Saturday Review, and author of The improbable triumvirate: John F Kennedy, Pope John, Nikita Khrushchev (Norton, New York, USA, 1972), relating to the detonation of the atomic bomb, dropped by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), on Hiroshima, Japan, 6 Aug 1945; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; two meetings between Cousins and Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, USSR, Dec 1962; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/34]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with John Coyle, US Naval Operations Analyst, [1955-1965], relating to inter service rivalry between the US Navy and the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF over control of nuclear delivery systems, [1945-1960]; the US development of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), [1955-1960]; the role and importance of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF (US Air Force), 1952-1960; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/35]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Lynn Davis, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning, [1977-1981], relating to the speech by Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) Schmidt, Chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany, to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, London, on the consequences of the planned US deployment of General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles on German territory ('Euro-strategic missiles'), 7 Oct 1977; the Soviet deployment of the SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM), 1974-1977; the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) decision to deploy US Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and Pershing II tactical missiles in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1979; the belief in the Federal Republic of Germany that the US deployment of Pershing II missiles was in order to contain any nuclear war with the USSR to Europe and to exclude the US mainland, 1979-1983.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/36]
1986 Nov 8
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Sidney David Drell, Professor of Physics, Stanford University, California, USA, 1960-1963, Professor of Physics, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1963-1990, and US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1969-1981, relating to the US 'Safeguard' (previously known as 'Sentinel') anti ballistic missile (ABM) defence programme, of Nike X XLIM-49A Spartan and Sprint interceptor missiles, [1969-1970]; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) [1968-1972]; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1972; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), May 1972.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/37]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Sidney David Drell, Professor of Physics, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, California, USA, 1963-[1987], and US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1969-1981, relating to the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; Soviet opposition to the US Strategic Defense Initiative, 1983-1986; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) [1968-1972]; the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START I) between the USA and the USSR, 1982-[1987].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/38]
1986 Apr 16
Typescript transcript of interview with Daniel Ellsberg, RAND Corporation, 1959-1964 and 1967-1970, US Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1964-1965, Senior Liaison Officer, US Embassy, Saigon, South Vietnam, 1965-1966, and Senior Research Associate, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1970-1972, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the shooting down of a Lockheed U2 high altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft, Cuba, 1962; the removal of US Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) from Turkey, 1965.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/39]
1986 Mar 22
Typescript transcript of interview with US Gen William T Fairbourne, commander designate of the planned US invasion forces for Cuba, Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962, relating to US preparations for an amphibious assault on Cuba, 1962; the number of US forces deployed and the operational plans of attack, Cuba, 1962; US military exercises, held in North Carolina, USA, in preparation for an amphibious invasion of Cuba, Oct 1962; the US decision not to deploy nuclear weapons with the US forces assigned for the invasion of Cuba, 1962.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/40]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Philip J Farley, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs, 1967-1969, US Delegate, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I), 1969-1972, Deputy Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, [1972-1974], relating to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I), 1969-1972; Farley's opinion of Gerard C Smith, Chief US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Negotiator [1969-1972]; the history of US/Soviet arms control negotiations, 1958-1972.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/41]
1986 Mar 5
Typescript transcript of interview with Bernard Feld, Physicist, Manhattan Project, [1943]-1946, relating to a meeting at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, between Feld, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard, 1939; the first successful splitting of an atom of Uranium by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Berlin, Germany, Dec 1938; nuclear research in Germany, 1934-1939; the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the reaction to the detonation of the atomic bomb, dropped by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), on Hiroshima, Japan, 6 Aug 1945; the creation of the Federation of Atomic Scientists, Washington DC, USA, 1946.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/42]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Randall Caroline Forsberg, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden, 1968-1979, founder of the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985, Director, Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1979-1988, relating to the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), Jun 1979; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Jan 1980; the origins of the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980; the 'Ban the bomb' movement, [1958-1963]; the US anti-Vietnam War peace movement, 1965-1975; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; US defense policy during the Presidency of Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1981-1988; support for the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign from Senator Edward Moore Kennedy and Congressman Edward John Markey, 1981-1982; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the influence of the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign on the US Presidential Election, Nov 1984; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/43]
1988 Mar 3
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Randall Caroline Forsberg, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden, 1968-1979, founder of the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985, and Director, Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1979-1988, relating to the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), Jun 1979; US and European peace and disarmament movements, [1978-1985]; US military involvement in the Korean War, 1950-1953, and in Vietnam, 1961-1975; Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, 1979-1988; speculation on the possibility of future of nuclear disarmament, 1988; the US/Soviet arms race, 1945-1988; the history of US/Soviet arms control negotiations, 1945-1988; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the ideological conflict between the USA and the USSR, 1945-1988; the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1975; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; speculation on the future demolition of the Berlin wall, Germany, 1988; the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1988; the administration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1981-1989.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/44]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr John Stuart Foster, Jr, Director, Defense Research and Engineering, US Defense Department, 1965-1973, relating to the Soviet development of an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system, [1968-1969]; the US strategic review and assessment of its world strength, 1969; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the US military involvement in Vietnam, 1969; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I), 1969-1972; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) [1968-1972]; the US anti-ballistic missile development programme, [1969-1970]; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), May 1972.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/45]
[1985]
Typescript transcript of interview with (James) William Fulbright, US Senator for Arkansas, 1945-1974, Chairman, US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1959-1974, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; Fulbright's support for a US air strike against Cuba to destroy the Soviet missile sites, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the leadership and character of US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; US relations with Cuba, 1956-1962; the removal of US Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) from Turkey, 1965.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/46]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Raymond Leonard Garthoff, Senior Adviser and Executive Secretary to US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) Delegation, and Deputy Director, Bureau of Political and Military Affairs, US State Department, 1969-1972, relating to US objectives during the SALT I negotiations, 1969-1972; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland, 1969-1972; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs), [1968-1972]; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the opposition of US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson to the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), 1972; Garthoff's removal from the US SALT Delegation, Jan 1973; the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1975.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/47]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Lt Gen James Maurice Gavin, Army Member, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Office of the US Secretary of Defense, 1949-1955, Chief of Research and Development, Office of the US Secretary of Defense, 1955-1958, and US Ambassador to France, 1961-[1963], relating to a fact finding mission to Korea by the US Weapons Systems Evaluation Group to assess the requirements for US tactical nuclear weapons, [1951]; US political discussions on the possible use of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, 1950-1953.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/48]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Lt Gen James Maurice Gavin, Army Member, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Office of the US Secretary of Defense, 1949-1955, Chief of Research and Development, Office of the US Secretary of Defense, 1955-1958, and US Ambassador to France, 1961-[1963], relating to US development of tactical nuclear weapons, 1952-1953; the role and importance of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF (US Air Force), 1952-1960; the adoption of the new US military strategy, 'The New Look', based on a reduction in conventional forces and an increased reliance on thermonuclear and tactical nuclear weapons, 1953; US development of the Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM), 1954-1957; the deployment of US tactical nuclear weapons in western Europe to counter the perceived threat of a Soviet invasion, [1955-1962].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/49]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Leslie Gelb, Deputy Director of Policy Planning, US Department of Defense, 1967-1968, Director of Robert Strange McNamara's, US Secretary of Defense, Vietnam Task Force, 1967-1968, Director of Policy Planning, US Department of Defense, 1968, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning and Arms Control Staff, 1968-1969, correspondent with The New York Times, 1973-1977, and Director, Bureau of Political and Military Affairs, US State Department, 1977-1979, relating to the US deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in western Europe, 1978-1984; the US development of the General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM), 1978-1984; the speech by Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) Schmidt, Chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany, to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, London, on the consequences of the planned US deployment of General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles on German territory ('Euro-strategic missiles'), 7 Oct 1977; US development of the 'neutron bomb', a thermonuclear enhanced radiation tactical nuclear weapon [1974-1978]; the summit meeting between Chancellor Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) Schmidt, Federal Republic of Germany, Prime Minister Rt Hon (Leonard) James Callaghan, US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter and French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Guadeloupe, Caribbean, 1979; the Soviet deployment of the SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM), 1974-1977.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/50]
1986 Mar 7, 11
Typescript transcript of interview with Roswell Leavitt Gilpatric, US Under Secretary of the US Air Force, 1951-1953, and US Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1961-1964, relating to the 'missile gap', a US perception of the advantage held by the Soviets in the production of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), [1958]-1960; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960; Operation MONGOOSE, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan to destabilise Cuba and assassinate Dr Fidel Castro (Ruz), Prime Minister of Cuba, 1960; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the US deployment of LGM-30A Minuteman I Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), [1962].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/51]
1986 Dec 11
Typescript transcript of interview with US Gen Andrew Jackson Goodpaster, Assistant to US Gen of the Army Dwight David Eisenhower, 1950-1952, Defense Liaison Officer and Staff Secretary to US President Eisenhower, 1954-1961, commanded US 8 Infantry Div, 1961-1962, Deputy Commander, US Forces in Vietnam, 1968-1969, and Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), 1969-1974, relating to the US Atomic Energy Act (the MacMahon Act), ending nuclear co-operation between the USA and the UK, 1946; Eisenhower's service as Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), at Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), 1950-1952; the deployment and basing of US forces in western Europe, 1954; the rearmament and entry into NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1954; the increase in the US deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in western Europe, 1954-1960; the Suez Crisis and the deterioration in US/French relations, 1956; the relationship between US President Eisenhower and Prime Minister Rt Hon (Maurice) Harold Macmillan, 1957-1961; the US deployment of tactical nuclear weapons to NATO countries, [1958-1960]; the adoption by the USA and NATO of the strategic policy of flexible response, 1961 and 1967.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/52]
[1987] Feb 20
Typescript transcript of interview with Sidney Norman Graybeal, Divisional Chief, Foreign Missile and Space Activities, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1950-1964, Deputy Assistant Director of the Bureau of Science and Technology, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1964-1976, and Director, Office of Strategic Research, CIA, 1977-1979, relating to the Bay of Pigs incident, Cochinos Bay, Cuba, Apr 1961; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/53]
1986 Mar 10
Typescript transcript of interview with Richard McGarrah Helms, Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1962-1965, Deputy Director and Director, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1965-1973, and US Ambassador to Iran, 1973-1976, relating to the US opinion of the government of Cuba and of Dr Fidel Castro (Ruz), Prime Minister of Cuba, 1961-1962; Operation MONGOOSE, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan to destabilise Cuba and assassinate Dr Fidel Castro (Ruz), Prime Minister of Cuba, 1960; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the increase in production of Soviet Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), 1964-1965; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/54]
1986 Mar 20
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Roger Hilsman, Jr, Director, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US State Department, 1961-1963, US Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 1963-1964, and Professor of Government, Columbia University, New York, USA, 1964-1986, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; the establishment of a telephone 'hotline' between the leaders of the Usa and the USSR, [1963]; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/55]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Richard C Hottelet, Journalist, US Office of War Information, 1941-1944, CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) News correspondent, Moscow, USSR, May-Dec 1946, relating to Hottelet's impression of the USSR in the immediate postwar period, 1945-1946; an interview between Hottelet and Maximovich Ludvinov, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister, [1946]; the Soviet reaction to the US monopoly in nuclear weapons, 1945-1949; the Soviet rejection of the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, Jun 1946; the banning of foreign broadcast correspondents from the USSR, Dec 1946.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/56]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Richard C Hottelet, Journalist, US Office of War Information, 1941-1944, CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) News correspondent, Moscow, USSR, May-Dec 1946, relating to Hottelet's impression of the USSR in the immediate postwar period, 1945-1946; an interview between Hottelet and Maximovich Ludvinov, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister, [1946]; the Soviet reaction to the US monopoly in nuclear weapons, 1945-1949; the Soviet rejection of the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, Jun 1946; the banning of foreign broadcast correspondents from the USSR, Dec 1946. Copy of 11/55
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/57]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Fred Charles Iklé, Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1964-1967, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1973-1977, and Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, 1981-1987, relating to US defence policy during the administration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1981-[1987]; the renewal of the defence contracts for the Rockwell International B-1A Lancer strategic bomber, and the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), [1981-1982]; the development and deployment of the US Lockheed UGM-93B Trident II D5 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), 1975-1989; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/58]
1987 Oct 27
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Fred Charles Iklé, Social Science Department, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA, 1955-1961, Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1964-1967, Head of Social Science Department, RAND Corporation, 1968-1973, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington DC, USA, 1973-1977, and Under Secretary for Policy, US Department of Defense, Washington DC, 1981-1988, relating to the Soviet deployment of the SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM), 1974-1977; the US development and deployment of the MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missile, 1978-1983, and the General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM), 1978-1984; the adoption by US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan of the 'zero option', whereby the US would not deploy General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles and MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles if the USSR withdrew SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM), SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles and SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles from west of the Ural mountains, 1981; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/59]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Greg Kanivan, Scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, working on the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), [1988], relating to US development of laser technology, 1981-[1988]; the speech made by US President Reagan announcing the launch of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), Washington DC, USA, 23 Mar 1983; speculation on Soviet technological developments in strategic defence systems, [1988]; US investment in SDI, 1983-[1988]; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the morality of the US SDI programme, [1988].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/60]
1986 Feb 28
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Carl Kaysen, Professor of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1957-1966, Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961-1963, Member of the US Negotiating Delegation, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Moscow, USSR, 1963, Director, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 1966-1976, and Professor of Political Economy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1977-1986, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the leadership and character of US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963; the signing of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty by (David) Dean Rusk, US Secretary of State, Rt Hon Sir Alec (Alexander Frederick) Douglas-Home, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs, 5 Aug 1963.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/61]
[1989]
Typescript transcripts of extracts of interviews with Professor Carl Kaysen, Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961-1963, Director, Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, 1966-1976, and Professor of Political Economy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1977-1986, relating to the procurement programmes for US nuclear missile systems, 1961-1963; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the nuclear doctrine of counterforce, emphasising limited nuclear strikes against an enemy's armed forces and not against civilian populations, 1962; the Berlin crisis and the construction of the Berlin wall, Germany, Aug 1961; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960; US civil defence measures, [1961-1963].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/62]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Randy Keehler, activist, US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, western Massachusetts, USA, 1980-1985, relating to the election of Ronald (Wilson) Reagan as US President, Nov 1980; the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign in western Massachusetts, USA, 1980-1982; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), Jun 1979; the increase in US defence spending during the adminstration of US President Reagan, 1981-[1988]; the influence on policy of the European peace and disarmament movements, 1982; accusations of KGB infiltration of the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1982; the disarmament rally held in Central Park, New York City, USA, 12 Jun 1982; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the re-election of US President Reagan, Nov 1984.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/63]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with USAF Maj Gen Glenn A Kent, Military Assistant to Harold Brown, Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 1962-1965, relating to the requirement for a US Joint Strategic Planning Staff, [1958-1962]; inter service rivalry between the US Navy and the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF over control of nuclear delivery systems, [1945-1960]; the role and importance of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF (US Air Force), 1952-1960; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/64]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr George Albert Keyworth II, Staff Physicist, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, 1968-1974, Scientific Adviser to US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, and Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1981-1985, relating to the Soviet capability to strike accurately at US missile silos in the USA, [1980]; the increase in US defence spending during the adminstration of US President Reagan, 1981-[1987]; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the summit meetings between US President Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, Geneva, Switzerland, Nov 1985, and Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986; the US/Soviet Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) negotiations, [1981]-1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/65]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Henry (Alfred) Kissinger, US National Security Adviser, 1969-1973, and US Secretary of State, 1973-1977, relating to the improvement in US/Soviet relations instigated at the beginning of the administration of US President Richard Milhous Nixon, 1969; the Soviet strategic programme to achieve parity with the USA in the number of nuclear weapons deployed, 1969; US involvement in the Vietnam War, 1969-1975; the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1975; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1972; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) [1968-1972]; Kissinger's private negotiations on strategic arms limitation with Anatoly Fedorovich Dobrynin, Soviet Ambassador to the USA, and with his deputy, Yuly Mikhailovich Vorontsov, 1969-1972; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, and the signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), by US President Nixon and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Moscow, USSR, May 1972; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the Watergate scandal, Washington DC, USA, 1972-1974; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the detonation of India's first nuclear device, Rajasthan Desert, India, May 1974.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/66]
1987 Jun 2
Typescript transcript of interview with Myron Kratzner, Director, US Atoms for Peace programme, US Atomic Energy Commission, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Nuclear Energy Affairs, [1953-1977], relating to the US Atoms for Peace programme, 1953; nuclear proliferation, 1946-1987; the first Atoms for Peace Conference on the peaceful uses of atomic energy, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955; the Indian nuclear development programme, [1955]-1974; the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1957; the Israeli independent nuclear development programme, 1968-1987; the role of the UK, Canada and France in the Atoms for Peace programme, 1953-1987; a prediction on the scale of future nuclear proliferation, made by US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1963; the detonation of India's first nuclear device, Rajasthan Desert, India, May 1974; US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter's Non-Proliferation Act, 1978; the formation of the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation Group (INFCE), 1977.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/67]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Thomas Lanphier, US National Security Council, [1950], employed by Convair, [1950-1960] and Vice President of General Dynamics, [1950-1960], relating to the Korean War, 1950-1953; the development of the Convair MX-774 experimental missile, 1947-[1954]; US development of the General Dynamics Atlas Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1953-1958; the development and production of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber, 1941-1947, the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger supersonic delta wing fighter, 1950-1956, the Convair F-106 Delta Dart fighter, [1952]-1959, and the Convair B-58 Hustler supersonic bomber, [1954]-1959; the launch of the Soviet Sputnik I and Sputnik II Earth orbiting satellites, Oct and Nov 1957; the US use of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) piloted Lockheed U2 high altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft in missions over the USSR to search for Soviet ICBM silos, 1959-1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/68]
1986 Mar 11
Typescript transcript of interview with US R Adm Gene Robert La Rocque, member of the Joint Strategic Planning Staff, [1957-1960], commanded Task Force Group, US 6 Fleet, Eastern Mediterranean, 1965-1966, and Director, Center of Defense Information, Washington DC, USA, 1972-[1986], relating to the threat of a nuclear confrontation between the USA and the People's Republic of China over the crisis concerning the Taiwanese islands of Quemoy-Matsu, 1958; the deployment and distribution of nuclear weapon delivery systems between the US Army, US Navy and USAF during the Presidency of Dwight David Eisenhower, 1953-1961; the US development of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), [1955-1960]; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/69]
1987 Nov 24
Typescript transcript of interview with [James Albert Smith] 'Jim' Leach, US Delegation, Disarmament Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 1971-1972, relating to the inauguration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, Jan 1981; the opinions of the US Congress on US/Soviet arms control agreements, 1977-1981; the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; speculation on the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) and the US Strategic Defense Initiative, 1987.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/70]
[1986] Feb 21
Typescript transcript of interview with Arthur C Lundahl, Head of the US National Photographic Interpretation Center, 1962-1963, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; Lundahl's work as a reconnaissance photograph intelligence interpreter during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; a briefing by Lundahl to US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy on the photographic evidence of the Soviet deployment of missiles to Cuba, 16 Oct 1962; the leadership and character of US President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/71]
[1987] Jan 12
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Laurence Edwin Lynn, Jr, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, 1965-1969, and member of the US National Security Council, 1969-1972, relating to the role and primary concerns of the US National Security Council at the beginning of US President Richard Milhous Nixon's administration, 1969; US involvement in the Vietnam War, 1969-1972; US foreign policy, 1969-1972; the National Security Council review of the USA's strategic position in the world, [1969-1970]; the policies of Dr Henry (Alfred) Kissinger, US National Security Adviser, 1969-1973; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 1969-1972; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) [1968-1972]; the Soviet development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles for the SS-9 'Scarp' Model 4 Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), [1969]-1971; the US invasion of Cambodia, May 1970.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/72]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with John Alex McCone, Director, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1961-1965, relating to the threat made by US President Harry S Truman of the US use of nuclear weapons against Soviet forces occupying northern Iran, [1946]; US/Cuban relations, 1961-1962; the Bay of Pigs incident, Cochinos Bay, Cuba, Apr 1961; US CIA operations in Cuba, 1961-1962; the discovery of the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba through US reconnaissance photography, Oct 1962; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/73]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Robert McFarlane, Executive Assistant Counsel for Legislative Affairs to US President Richard Milhous Nixon, 1971-1972, Military Assistant to US Secretary of State Dr Henry (Alfred) Kissinger, 1973-1975, Special Assistant to US President Gerald Rudolph Ford for National Security Affairs, 1976-1977, Deputy Assistant National Security Adviser, 1982-1983, National Security Adviser to US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1983-1985, relating to the increase in Soviet influence in Nicaragua, Angola and Ethiopia, 1977-1978; Soviet development of the SS-24 'Scalpel' medium Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), [1982-1985]; the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the US development and deployment of the MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missile, 1978-1983, and the General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM), 1978-1984; US military intervention in Grenada, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean, Oct-Dec 1983; the shooting down by Soviet fighter aircraft of the South Korean airliner KAL007 whilst flying in Soviet airspace, Aug 1983; the Soviet walk out from the START and Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) negotiations in protest at the US deployment of Pershing II and Cruise missiles in western Europe, [Nov] 1983; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/74]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968, and President of the World Bank, 1968-1981, relating to the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-[1989]; the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the projected modernisation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) tactical nuclear weapons, [1988]; the reformist policies introduced by Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the possibility of establishing a doctrine of minimum deterrence between the superpowers, [1989]; the future necessity of the inclusion of British and French independent nuclear weapons in arms control negotiations between the USA and the USSR, [1989].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/75]
1961-1968
Typescript transcript of extracts of interviews with, and relating to Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, by reporters for the US broadcasting company ABC, 1961-1968, on the announcement by US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy of the appointment of McNamara as US Secretary of Defense and McNamara's acceptance of the responsibility, 1961; US defense spending plans, 1963-1967; an increase in US production of LGM-30A Minuteman I Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), and Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), 1963; the possibility of the control of US nuclear weapons in Europe being passed to troops from the Federal Republic of Germany, 1964; US development of anti ballistic missiles (ABM), 1964; the fifty percent increase in the number of operational Polaris submarines, 1964; remarks of gratitude made by US President Lyndon Baines Johnson following McNamara's resignation, 1968.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/76]
1986 Feb 20
Typescript transcript of interview with Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968, and President of the World Bank, 1968-1981, relating to the deployment of US tactical nuclear weapons to western Europe, [1962-1964]; the adoption by the USA and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) of the strategic policy of flexible response, 1961 and 1967; the cancellation of the US Douglas Skybolt Air Launched Ballistic Missile (ALBM) programme and the adoption by the UK of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), 1960-1962; the development of the French nuclear weapons programme, 1952-1960; US plans for the creation of a Multilateral Force (MLF) in western Europe, [1964-1965]; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the shooting down of a Lockheed U2 high altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft, Cuba, 1962; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963; the removal of US Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) from Turkey, 1965; the US military involvement in Vietnam, 1961-1975; the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, 1954-1960; US development of the Lockheed UGM-96A Trident I C4 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), [1973]-1979; US force structure, 1961-1968; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960; the development of the nuclear doctrine of counterforce, emphasising limited nuclear strikes against an enemy's armed forces and not against civilian populations, 1962; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the summit meeting between US President Lyndon Baines Johnson and Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA, Jun 1967; the Berlin crisis and the construction of the Berlin wall, Germany, Aug 1961.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/77]
1986 Mar 17
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor John Frederick Manley, Deputy Director, Los Alamos Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, [1943-1948] and Professor of Political Science, Stanford University, California, USA, 1977-1980, relating to the difficulty in retaining US atomic scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, following the Japanese surrender, Sep 1945; the military requirements for US nuclear weapons, 1947-1948; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946; the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 1947-1948; the Berlin airlift, Germany, 1948-1949; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1949-1952; the importance of Professor Edward Teller in the US thermonuclear development programme, 1949-1952; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/78]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Gen Glen Martin, USAF, [employed in the US Pentagon, 1961-1962 and 1965-1967], relating to the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, 1954-1960; the US nuclear strategy of counter force, attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, [1962]; the cancellation of the North American XB-70A Valkyrie strategic bomber project [1962].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/79]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Adm Henry Louis 'Gerry' Miller, Strategic Planner, US Navy, [1958-1960], Chief of Information, Washington DC, USA, 1966-1968, relating to inter service rivalry between the US Navy and the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF over control of nuclear delivery systems, [1945-1960]; the US development of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), [1955-1960]; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/80]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Adm Thomas Hinman Moorer, Chairman, US Chief of Naval Operations, 1967-1970, and US Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1970-1974, relating to US opinion on the USSR reaching parity with the USA in the numbers of strategic nuclear weapons deployed, 1969; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I), 1969-1972; the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1975; US/Soviet negotiations on the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), 1970-1972; the influence of US involvement in Vietnam on US/Soviet arms control talks, 1970-1972; the US invasion of Cambodia, May 1970, and the US mining of Haiphong harbour, Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam, May 1972; the Watergate scandal, Washington DC, USA, 1972-1974; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/81]
1986 Feb 2
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Philip Morrison, Physicist, Metallurgy Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1943-1944, Physicist, Manhattan Project, 1944-1946, Assistant Professor of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1946-1965, and Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, relating to the first successful splitting of an atom of Uranium by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Berlin, Germany, Dec 1938; the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, 7 Dec 1941, and the subsequent participation of the USA in World War Two, 1941-1945; nuclear research in Germany, 1939-1945; the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the personality and leadership of Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, Director, the Manhattan Project, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1944-1946; the development by Germany of the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket, 1943-1945; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the detonation of the atomic bomb, dropped by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), on Hiroshima, Japan, 6 Aug 1945; the Acheson-Lilienthal Report on international control of atomic power, 1946; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946; Professor Niels Henrik David Bohr, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and his open letter to the United Nations on the necessity for the adoption of peaceful atomic policies, 9 Jun 1950; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1949-1952.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/82]
1986 Feb 2
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Philip Morrison, Physicist, Metallurgy Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1943-1944, Physicist, Manhattan Project, 1944-1946, Assistant Professor of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1946-1965, and Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, relating to the first successful splitting of an atom of Uranium by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Berlin, Germany, Dec 1938; the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, 7 Dec 1941, and the subsequent participation of the USA in World War Two, 1941-1945; nuclear research in Germany, 1939-1945; the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the personality and leadership of Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, Director, the Manhattan Project, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1944-1946; the development by Germany of the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket, 1943-1945; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the detonation of the atomic bomb, dropped by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), on Hiroshima, Japan, 6 Aug 1945; the Acheson-Lilienthal Report on international control of atomic power, 1946; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946; Professor Niels Henrik David Bohr, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and his open letter to the United Nations on the necessity for the adoption of peaceful atomic policies, 9 Jun 1950; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1949-1952. Copy of 11/81
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/83]
1986 Mar 4
Typescript transcript of interview with US Gen K Nichols, US Department of the Army, Manhattan Project, 1942-1946, relating to the origins of the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Dec 1941-Jun 1942; the appointment of US Gen Leslie R Groves to command the Manhattan Project, [1942]; the first Quebec Conference (codenamed QUADRANT), attended by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Prime Minister Rt Hon Winston (Leonard Spencer) Churchill, Quebec, Canada, 17-24 Aug 1943; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; the difficulty in retaining US atomic scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, following the Japanese surrender, Sep 1945; US production of atomic bombs, 1945-1946; Operation CROSSROADS, the two US nuclear tests, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Jun-Jul 1946; Operation SANDSTONE, the three US atomic bomb tests, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, Apr-May 1948; the rivalry between the USAF and the US Navy over the deployment and control of US nuclear weapons, 1948-1949; the Berlin airlift, Germany, 1948-1949; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952; the arrest of Dr Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, a nuclear physicist, for passing atomic secrets to the USSR, 1950; the possible use by the USA of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, 1950-1953.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/84]
1987 Feb 12
Typescript transcript of interview with Paul Henry Nitze, Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs, US Defense Department, 1961-1963, US Secretary of the Navy, 1963-1967, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1967-1969, Member of the US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I) Delegation, 1969-1974, Chairman of the Committee on the Present Danger, 1977-1981, Head of the US INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) negotiations, 1981-1984, and Special Adviser to the US President and Secretary of Defense on Arms Control, 1984-1988, relating to the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, announced in a speech by John Foster Dulles, US Secretary of State, New York, USA, 1954; the Gaither Report, a Ford Foundation Commission Study, that concluded that the USSR was ahead of the USA in the production of nuclear missiles, Oct 1957; the Berlin crisis and the construction of the Berlin wall, Germany, Aug 1961; the US nuclear strategy of counter force, attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, [1962]; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), Jan 1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/85]
1986 Mar 10,1988 Mar 15
Typescript transcript of interviews with Paul Henry Nitze, Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs, US Defense Department, 1961-1963, US Secretary of the Navy, 1963-1967, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1967-1969, Member of the US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I) Delegation, 1969-1974, Chairman of the Committee on the Present Danger, 1977-1981, Head of the US INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) negotiations, 1981-1984, and Special Adviser to the US President and Secretary of Defense on Arms Control, 1984-1988, relating to the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; the Korean War, 1950-1953; the possible use by the USA of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, 1950-1953; the reaction in the USA to the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the future of US/Soviet Arms Control negotiations, 1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/86]
1987 Feb 12
Typescript transcript of interview with Paul Henry Nitze, Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs, US Defense Department, 1961-1963, US Secretary of the Navy, 1963-1967, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1967-1969, Member of the US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I) Delegation, 1969-1974, Chairman of the Committee on the Present Danger, 1977-1981, Head of the US INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) negotiations, 1981-1984, and Special Adviser to the US President and Secretary of Defense on Arms Control, 1984-1988, relating to US objectives during the SALT I negotiations, 1969-1972; US 'Safeguard' (previously known as 'Sentinel') anti ballistic missile (ABM) defence programme, of Nike X XLIM-49A Spartan and Sprint interceptor missiles, [1969-1970]; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland, 1969-1972; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the personnel of the US SALT II Delegation, 1974; the impact of the Watergate scandal, Washington DC, USA, on the SALT II negotiations, 1972-1974; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs), [1968-1972].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/87]
1987 Feb 12,1988 Mar 15
Typescript transcripts of extracts of interviews with Paul Henry Nitze, Assistant Secretary for International Security Affairs, US Defense Department, 1961-1963, US Secretary of the Navy, 1963-1967, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1967-1969, Member of the US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I) Delegation, 1969-1974, Chairman of the Committee on the Present Danger, 1977-1981, Head of the US INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) negotiations, 1981-1984, and Special Adviser to the US President and Secretary of Defense on Arms Control, 1984-1988, relating to the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1948-1952; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; the Korean War, 1950-1953; the possible use by the USA of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, 1950-1953; the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, announced in a speech by John Foster Dulles, US Secretary of State, New York, USA, 1954; the Gaither Report, a Ford Foundation Commission Study, that concluded that the USSR was ahead of the USA in the production of nuclear missiles, Oct 1957; the Berlin crisis and the construction of the Berlin wall, Germany, Aug 1961; the US nuclear strategy of counter force, attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, [1962]; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Angola and Ethiopia, 1977-1978; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Jan 1980; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/88]
1987 May 28
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Joseph Samuel Nye, Jr, Professor of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1969-1987, and Deputy Under Secretary, US State Department, 1977-1979, relating to the US Atoms for Peace programme, 1953; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963; the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Jul 1968; the importance of nuclear non-proliferation as an issue in the US Presidential election campaign, 1976; US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter's Non-Proliferation Act, 1978; the development of Indian nuclear research, 1948-1974; the failure of US attempts to prevent the detonation of India's first nuclear device, Rajasthan Desert, India, May 1974; the Arab oil embargo, 1973; speculation on future nuclear proliferation in Pakistan, Brazil and Argentina, 1987; the reaction in Japan to the US Non-Proliferation Act, 1978; the formation of the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation Group (INFCE), 1977; Pakistan's nuclear development programme, [1978]; speculation on Libyan funding for the Pakistani nuclear programme, [1978]; the cessation of all US economic and humanitarian aid to Pakistan, Apr 1979; the nuclear acident, resulting in the release of radioactive gases into the atmosphere, at the US nuclear power station at Three Mile Island, Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, USA, Mar 1979; the renewal of US aid to Pakistan following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1980; speculation on nuclear co-operation between Israel and South Africa, 1987; Operation BABYLON, the Israeli air attack on the Osirak nuclear research reactor, Al Tuwaitha, Iraq, 7 Jun 1981.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/89]
[1986] Nov 10
Typescript transcript of interview with David Packard, Chairman, Board of Directors, Hewlett-Packard Corporation, 1964-1968, 1972-1984, and US Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1969-1971, relating to the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the US 'Safeguard' (previously known as 'Sentinel') anti ballistic missile (ABM) defence programme, of Nike X XLIM-49A Spartan and Sprint interceptor missiles, [1969-1970]; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1972; US military involvement in Vietnam, 1965-1975; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) [1968-1972]; the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1975; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), May 1972; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the Soviet development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles for the SS-9 'Scarp' Model 4 Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), [1969]-1971; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/90]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Wolfgang Kurt Hermann Panofsky, member of staff, Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA, 1945-1951, Professor of Physics, Stanford University, California, USA, 1951-[1989], Director, High Energy Physics Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre, California, USA, 1962-1984, and US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1968-1981, relating to the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) [1968-1972]; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I), 1969-1972; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/91]
1987 Jan 16
Typescript transcript of interview with Richard Norman Perle, US Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy, 1981-1987, relating to the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), 1979; US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson's opposition to the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), and to the nomination of Warnke as Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, 1979; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Dec 1979; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Jan 1980; the Iran hostage crisis, the capture of the US Embassy and sixty six US hostages by Iranian followers of the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Nov 1979-Jan 1981.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/92]
1987 Jan 16
Typescript transcript of interview with Richard Norman Perle, Assistant Secretary for International Security Policy, US Defense Department, 1981-1987, relating to the US 'Safeguard' (previously known as 'Sentinel') anti ballistic missile (ABM) defence programme, consisting of Nike X XLIM-49A Spartan and Sprint interceptor missiles, [1969-1970]; the opinions of US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson on the US ABM programme and on the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), 1972; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) [1968-1972]; the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1975; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the impact of the Watergate scandal, Washington DC, USA, on the SALT II negotiations, 1972-1974; the Soviet development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles for the SS-9 'Scarp' Model 4 Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), [1969]-1971.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/93]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Richard Norman Perle, Staff Assistant to US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson, [1971-1979], and Assistant Secretary for International Security Policy, US Defense Department, 1981-1987, relating to the influence of the US Committee on the Present Danger on the administration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1981-1984; the Iran hostage crisis, the capture of the US Embassy and sixty six US hostages by Iranian followers of the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Nov 1979-Jan 1981; the diminished status of the USA in the world, 1981; the renewal of the defence contracts for the Rockwell International B-1A Lancer strategic bomber, and the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), [1981-1982]; the Soviet deployment of the SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM), 1974-1977; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985; US President Reagan's announcement of an arms control proposal that later developed into the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START), Eureka College, Eureka, Illinois, USA, May 1982; Soviet opposition to the US Strategic Defense Initiative, 1983-1986; the summit meeting between US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, Washington DC, USA, Dec 1987; the shooting down by Soviet fighter aircraft of the South Korean airliner KAL007 whilst flying in Soviet airspace, Aug 1983; US military intervention in Grenada, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean, Oct-Dec 1983; the US development and deployment of the MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missile, 1978-1983, and the General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM), 1978-1984; the Soviet walk out from the START and Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) negotiations in protest at the US deployment of Pershing II and Cruise missiles in western Europe, [Nov] 1983; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the summit meeting between US President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev, Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/94]
[1979]
Typescript transcript of extracts of interviews with Professor Richard (Edgar) Pipes, Professor of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1963-1975, Director of the Harvard Russian Research Center, 1968-1973, Member of the Executive Committee of the Committee on the Present Danger, 1977-[1989], and Director of East European and Soviet Affairs, US National Security Council, 1981-1982, relating to Soviet foreign policy, [1975-1980]; Soviet influence in Afghanistan and Ethiopia, 1977-1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/95]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Richard (Edgar) Pipes, Professor of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1963-1975, Director, Russian Research Center, Harvard University, 1968-1973, member of the Executive Committee, Committee on the Present Danger, 1977-[1988], and Director of East European and Soviet Affairs, US National Security Council, 1981-1982, relating to the personality of Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr, US Secretary of State, 1981-1982; the policies of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan's administration, 1981-1984; the policy of détente between the USA and the USSR, 1969-1975; the influence of the US Committee on the Present Danger on the administration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, 1981-1984; the US strategic policy of flexible response, 1961; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; US Presidential Directive 59 (PD 59) on the development of the US counter force strategy, of attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, in order to deter an enhanced Soviet first strike capability, Jul 1980; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the US development and deployment of the MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missile, 1978-1983, and the General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM), 1978-1984; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the Soviet deployment of the SS-18 'Satan' Model 2 Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), equipped with eight to ten multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV), 1976-1977; the increase in US defence spending during the adminstration of US President Reagan, 1981-[1988]; the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985; support for the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign from Senator Edward Moore Kennedy and Congressman Edward John Markey, 1981-1982; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START I) between the USA and the USSR, 1982-[1988]; the increase in Soviet influence in Vietnam, Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), [1978-1980]; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Dec 1979.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/96]
1986 Feb 28
Typescript transcript of interview with Dave Powers, Aide to US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961-1963, relating to the Summit conference between US President Kennedy and Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1961; the Bay of Pigs incident, Cochinos Bay, Cuba, Apr 1961; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the leadership and character of US President Kennedy, and of his brother, Robert Francis Kennedy, US Attorney General, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/97]
1986 Mar 13
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Isidor Isaac Rabi, Professor of Physics, Columbia University, New York, USA, 1937-1967, member of the General Advisory Committee to the US Atomic Energy Commission, 1946-1974, the US President's Science Advisory Committee, 1957-1968, and the General Advisory Committee of US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1962-1983, relating to Rabi's decision, in 1943, not to participate in the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the detonation of the atomic bomb, dropped by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), on Hiroshima, Japan, 6 Aug 1945; the role of the General Advisory Commission to the US Atomic Energy Commission, 1947-[1953]; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952; the opinions of Ernest Orlando Lawrence and Edward Teller on US hydrogen bomb development, 1948; the arrest of Dr Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, a nuclear physicist, for passing atomic secrets to the USSR, 1950.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/98 ]
1986 Mar 13
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Isidor Isaac Rabi, Professor of Physics, Columbia University, New York, USA, 1937-1967, member of the General Advisory Committee to the US Atomic Energy Commission, 1946-1974, the US President's Science Advisory Committee, 1957-1968, and the General Advisory Committee of US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1962-1983, relating to Rabi's decision, in 1943, not to participate in the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the detonation of the atomic bomb, dropped by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), on Hiroshima, Japan, 6 Aug 1945; the role of the General Advisory Commission to the US Atomic Energy Commission, 1947-[1953]; the detonation of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, USSR, Aug 1949; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952; the opinions of Ernest Orlando Lawrence and Edward Teller on US hydrogen bomb development, 1948; the arrest of Dr Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, a nuclear physicist, for passing atomic secrets to the USSR, 1950. Copy of 11/97.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/99]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Marcus G Raskin, Member of the Special Staff, US National Security Council, 1961-1963, and Professor of Public Policy, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA, [1987], relating to the Berlin crisis and the construction of the Berlin wall, Germany, Aug 1961; the US plan for a nuclear first strike by aircraft of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) against the USSR, 1961; the increase in the construction and deployment of US nuclear missiles under the policies of Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/100]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with an unattributed resident of Peterborough, New Hampshire, USA, relating to the activities of the local Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1982.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/101]
1986 Dec 11
Typescript transcript of interview with US Brig Gen Robert Charlwood Richardson III, USAF, Deputy Chief of Staff for Science and Technology, Defense Atomic Support Agency, Sandia Base, Texas, USA, 1966-1967, relating to the impact of nuclear weapons on warfare, 1945-1986; the agreement by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) of the 'Lisbon Force Goals', the minimum forces required to defend western Europe against an attack by the USSR, 1952; the increase in the US deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in western Europe, 1954-1960; the adoption by the USA and NATO of the strategic policy of flexible response, 1961 and 1967; the withdrawal of French forces from the NATO Military Committee, 1966.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/102]
1986 Mar 2
Typescript transcript of interview with Mr Roberts, US journalist, Washington DC, USA, 1941-1945, relating to US isolationism, 1918-1941; the impact of the Great Depression in the USA and the rise of Marxism, 1929-1933; the official recognition of the USSR by the USA, 1933; the Nazi-Soviet Pact, 23 Aug 1939; the impact of World War Two in the USA, 1939-1941; the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt to a third term as US President, Nov 1940; the popularity of Prime Minister Rt Hon Winston (Leonard Spencer) Churchill in the USA, 1940-1941; Operation BARBAROSSA, the German invasion of the USSR, Jun 1941; the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, 7 Dec 1941, and the subsequent participation of the USA in World War Two, 1941-1945; the wartime alliance between the USA, UK and USSR, 1941-1945; the death of US President Roosevelt, 12 Apr 1945, and the leadership of US President Harry S Truman, 1945-1946; the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; a visit by Roberts to Hiroshima and Nagasaki as a member of the US Strategic Bombing Survey, Japan, Nov 1945; the collapse in US-Soviet relations, 1945-1946; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, Jun 1946.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/103]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Eugene Victor Rostow, Professor of Law, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 1944-1984, Dean of Yale Law School, 1955-1965, US Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, 1966-1969, Chairman, Executive Committee, Committee on the Present Danger, 1976-1981, and Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1981-1983, relating to US foreign policy during the administration of US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter, 1977-1981; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Angola, Ethiopia and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), 1977-1978; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), by US President Carter and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1979; the reservations held by the US Committee on the Present Danger on the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II, 1979; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Dec 1979; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II, Jan 1980; the Iran hostage crisis, the capture of the US Embassy and sixty six US hostages by Iranian followers of the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Nov 1979-Jan 1981; criticism of the role of Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, during the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II, 1974-1979; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; US Presidential Directive 59 (PD 59) on the development of the US counter force strategy, of attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, in order to deter an enhanced Soviet first strike capability, Jul 1980; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/104]
1986 Dec 4
Typescript transcript of interview with Ambassador US Gen Edward L Rowny, US Joint Chiefs of Staff Representative to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1973-1979, relating to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I), 1969-1972; Rowny's opinion of Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, 1977-1978; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1973-1979; the Soviet Tupolev Tu-26 'Backfire-B' bomber and whether the aircraft constituted a strategic nuclear delivery system, [1978]; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/105]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Ambassador US Gen Edward L Rowny, US Joint Chiefs of Staff Representative to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1973-1979, relating to the benefits to the USA of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I, 1972; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972; the preliminary SALT II negotiations, 1973-1974; opposition of US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson to the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), 1972; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs), [1968-1972].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/106]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Jack Philip Ruina, Director, Advanced Research Projects Agency, US Department of Defense, 1961-1963, relating to the history of air defence systems, 1940-[1960]; the effectiveness of the British air defence system during the Battle of Britain, 1940; the US development of the MIM-3 Nike Ajax Surface to Air Missile (SAM), 1953, the MIM-14 Nike Hercules Surface to Air Missile, 1958, and the XLIM-49A Nike Zeus Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system, 1963; the development of the US NORAD (North American Air Defense) system, 1957-1981; the failure of US Anti-Ballistic Missile tests, 1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/107]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with (David) Dean Rusk, US Assistant Secretary of State, 1950-1951, US Secretary of State, 1961-1969, and Sibley Professor of International Law, University of Georgia, Atlanta, USA, 1970-[1989], relating to the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; the role of the UN (United Nations) in postwar international relations, and in the enforcement of international law, 1947-1949; the US/Soviet arms race, 1946-1989; the deployment of US nuclear weapons in Europe, [1955]-1989; the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the US nuclear strategy of counter force, attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, [1962].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/108]
[1987] Feb 21
Typescript transcript of interview with John A Scali, Diplomatic Correspondent for ABC News, Washington DC, USA, 1961-1971, and US Ambassador to the UN (United Nations), 1973-1975, relating to Scali's role as a US negotiator with Soviet officials in an attempt to find a solution to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/109]
1986 Mar 7, [1986] Oct 28, 1988 Apr 5
Typescript transcript of interview with James Rodney Schlesinger, RAND Corporation, 1963-1967, Director of Strategic Studies, RAND Corporation, 1967-1969, Chairman, US Atomic Energy Commission, 1971-1973, Director, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1973, US Secretary of Defense, 1973-1975, Assistant to US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter, 1977, and US Secretary of Energy, 1977-1979, relating to the impact of the USSR reaching parity with the USA in the numbers of strategic nuclear weapons deployed, 1969; the function of US nuclear weapons deployed in western Europe, 1973-1975; US development of the 'neutron bomb', a thermonuclear enhanced radiation tactical nuclear weapon [1974-1978]; the US development of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), [1955-1960], and the Lockheed UGM-73A Poseidon C3 SLBM, 1964-1970; the Soviet deployment of the SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM), 1974-1977; the relationship between Chancellor Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) Schmidt, Federal Republic of Germany, and US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter, 1977; the summit meeting between US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986; the decision by US President Carter to deploy General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles in western Europe, Dec 1979; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the US policy of isolationism, 1919-1941; the ideological conflict between the USA and the USSR, 1945-1988; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991; the Bay of Pigs incident, Cochinos Bay, Cuba, Apr 1961; Operation MONGOOSE, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan to destabilise Cuba and assassinate Dr Fidel Castro (Ruz), Prime Minister of Cuba, 1960; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the leadership and character of US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and of his brother, Robert Francis Kennedy, US Attorney General, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the removal of US Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) from Turkey, 1965.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/110]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Section Chief, Metallurgy Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1942-1946, Director of Nuclear and Chemical Research, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA, 1946-1958 and 1972-1975, Chancellor, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA, 1958-1961, and Chairman, US Atomic Energy Commission, 1961-1971, relating to nuclear proliferation, 1945-[1987]; the US Atoms for Peace programme to share nuclear knowledge with other countries, 1953; the development of military and civilian uses for nuclear energy, 1945-[1987]; the first Atoms for Peace Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955; the Indian nuclear development programme, [1955]-1974; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963; the detonation of the first Chinese nuclear weapon, Lop Nor, People's Republic of China, Oct 1964; a visit by Seaborg, as Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission, to Israel to discuss the Israeli nuclear development programme, 1966; the detonation of the first Chinese thermonuclear weapon, Lop Nor, People's Republic of China, Jun 1967; a meeting between Seaborg and Indian Prime Minister Indira (Priyadarshini)Gandhi on Indian nuclear policy, 1967; the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Jul 1968; the detonation of India's first nuclear device, Rajasthan Desert, India, May 1974.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/111]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of extracts of an interview with Marshall Darrow Shulman, Associate Director, Russian Research Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1954-1962, and Ambassador and Special Adviser on Soviet Affairs to Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, 1977-1980, relating to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), Geneva, Switzerland, 1977-1979; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Ethiopia, 1977-1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/112]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Marshall Darrow Shulman, Associate Director, Russian Research Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1954-1962, and Ambassador and Special Adviser on Soviet Affairs to Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, 1977-1980, relating to the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by US Secretary of State Cyrus Vance and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Ethiopia, 1977-1980; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Dec 1979; a comparison between the SALT I and SALT II negotiations, [1989].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/113]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Thomas W Simons, Jr, Director for Soviet Affairs, US State Department, 1985-1986, relating to the summit meetings between US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan and Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, Geneva, Switzerland, Nov 1985, Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov 1986, and Washington DC, USA, Dec 1987; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START I) between the USA and the USSR, 1982-[1988]; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the relationship between US President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev, 1985-1988; the shooting down by Soviet fighter aircraft of the South Korean airliner KAL007 whilst flying in Soviet airspace, Aug 1983; US military intervention in Grenada, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean, Oct-Dec 1983; US military aid to the Mujaheddin guerrillas in Afghanistan, 1980-1989, and to the Contra guerrillas in Nicaragua, 1981-1989; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/114]
[1986]
Typescript transcript of interview with Gerard C Smith, US Assistant Secretary of State and Director of Policy Planning, 1957-1961, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1968-1972, Chief US Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) Negotiator, 1969-1972, US Representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1977-1980, relating to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland, 1969-1972; US military involvement in Vietnam, 1969-1972; US 'Safeguard' (previously known as 'Sentinel') anti ballistic missile (ABM) defence programme, of Nike X XLIM-49A Spartan and Sprint interceptor missiles, [1969-1970]; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) [1968-1972]; the US mining of Haiphong harbour, Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam, May 1972; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) between the USA and the USSR, and the signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), by US President Richard Milhous Nixon and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Moscow, USSR, May 1972; the opinion of US Senator Henry Martin 'Scoop' Jackson on the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), 1972; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/115]
1987 Oct 25
Typescript transcript of interview with US Gen William W Smith, USAF, Military Representative to US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Washington DC, USA, 1961-1962, Member of US National Security Council Staff, 1962-1964, Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations Headquarters, USAF, Washington DC, USA, 1973-1974, and Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), 1979-1981, relating to US plans for the defence of western Europe against an attack by the USSR and the Warsaw Pact, 1965-1967; an increase in US conventional forces in western Europe, 1965-1967; the adoption by the USA and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) of the strategic policy of flexible response, 1961 and 1967; the Soviet deployment of the SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM), 1974-1977; US development of the 'neutron bomb', a thermonuclear enhanced radiation tactical nuclear weapon [1974-1978]; the speech by Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) Schmidt, Chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany, to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, London, on the consequences of the planned US deployment of General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles on German territory ('Euro-strategic missiles'), 7 Oct 1977; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/116]
1986 Mar 4
Typescript transcript of interview with Theodore Chaikin Sorenson, Assistant to US Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1953-1961, and Special Counsel to US Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1961-1964, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the atmosphere during the US Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm) meetings, Oct 1962; the option to order a US air strike against Cuba to destroy the Soviet missile sites, Oct 1962; the US naval blockade of Cuba, 1962.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/117]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with US Adm Sprague, relating to the Gaither Report, a Ford Foundation Commission Study, that concluded that the USSR was ahead of the USA in the production of nuclear missiles, and that the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF, was vulnerable to a Soviet first strike, Oct 1957; a meeting to discuss the Gaither Report between Sprague and US President Dwight David Eisenhower, [Nov] 1957; the US use of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) piloted Lockheed U2 high altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft in missions over the USSR to search for Soviet ICBM silos, 1959-1960; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/118]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Howard Stoertz, US Board of National Estimates, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1956-[1960], and US National Intelligence Officer for the USSR, CIA, 1976, relating to the Soviet development of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) and the reduction in production of strategic bombers, 1956-1958; the launch of the Soviet Sputnik I and Sputnik II Earth orbiting satellites, Oct and Nov 1957; the shooting down, near Sverdlovsk, USSR, of a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Lockheed U2 high altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft, and the capture of the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, May 1960; US development of the General Dynamics Atlas ICBM, 1953-1958.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/119]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of extracts of interviews with Professor Edward Teller, Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, USA, 1960-1975, and Senior Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California, USA, 1975-[1989], relating to the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-[1989]; the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the summit meeting between Chancellor Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) Schmidt, Federal Republic of Germany, Prime Minister Rt Hon (Leonard) James Callaghan, US President James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter and French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Guadeloupe, Caribbean, 1979; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) by US President Carter and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1979; the deployment of the US MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles and General Dynamics BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) in Europe 1983; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946; US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), 1948-1952.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/120]
[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Edward Teller, Manhattan Project, 1943-1946, Assistant Director, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, 1949-1952, Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, USA, 1960-1975, and Senior Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California, USA, 1975-[1989], relating to a meeting between Teller and US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan to discuss the development of a strategic defence system, 1982; the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/121]
1987 Jan 29
Typescript transcript of interview with Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of the Army, 1962-1963, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1964-1967, and US Secretary of State, 1977-1980, relating to the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Vance as US Secretary of State, and Paul Culliton Warnke, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), Geneva, Switzerland, 1977-1979; the increase in Soviet and Cuban influence in Ethiopia, 1977-1980; the Soviet Tupolev Tu-26 'Backfire-B' bomber and whether the aircraft constituted a strategic nuclear delivery system, [1978]; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) by US President Carter and Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, Vienna, Austria, Jun 1979; the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Dec 1979; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Jan 1980.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/122]
1986 Mar 3
Typescript transcript of interview with Joseph Volpe, worked for US Gen Leslie R Groves, Manhattan Project, 1942-1946, relating to the attributes of US Gen Groves, 1942-1946; negotiations with the USA on the continuance of Anglo-US nuclear co-operation, Nov 1945; the cessation of nuclear co-operation between the USA and the UK, 1946; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, Jun 1946; the Acheson-Lilienthal Report on international control of atomic power, 1946.
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/123]
[1989]
Typescript transcript of interview with Joseph Volpe, worked for US Gen Leslie R Groves, Manhattan Project, 1942-1946, relating to the foundation of the Atomic Energy Commission, 1947; the opposition by Dr J(ulius) Robert Oppenheimer, to the US development of thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) 1948-1952; the conflict between the US military and civilian establishements in the development of nuclear research, [1946-1953].
[NUCLEARAGE: 11/124]
[1987]
Typescript transcript of interview with Douglas C Waller, journalist and author of Congress and the Nuclear Freeze: an inside look at the politics of a mass movement (University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA, 1987), and Foreign Policy Correspondent for Newsweek magazine, [1987], relating to the inauguration of US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan, Jan 1981; the increase in US defence spending during the adminstration of US President Reagan, 1981-[1987]; the US Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, 1980-1985; the speech made by US President Reagan announcing the launch of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), Washington DC, USA, 23 Mar 1983.
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[1986]
Typescript transcript of interview with Paul Culliton Warnke, US Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1967-1969, Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Chief US Arms Control Negotiator, 1977-1978, and Special Counsel to Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, 1978-1980, relating to the US view of Soviet geopolitical intentions, 1977; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), May 1972; the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II), 1974-1979; the reservations held by the US Committee on the Present Danger on the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II, 1979; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; US development of the Boeing AGM-86 Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM), [1975]-1981; the US arms control proposal offered to the USSR by Cyrus Roberts Vance, US Secretary of State, and Warnke, Moscow, USSR, Mar 1977; the character of Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1957-1985; the increase in Soviet influence in Ethiopia and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), 1977-1978; the official visit to the USA by Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the People's Republic of China, Jan 1979; the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) on agreed limits on the numbers and testing of new types of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), Jun 1979; the deferment by the US Senate to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Jan 1980; US Presidential Directive 59 (PD 59) on the development of the US counter force strategy, of attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, in order to deter an enhanced Soviet first strike capability, Jul 1980; the cancellation of the Rockwell International B-1A Lancer strategic bomber and the 'neutron bomb', a thermonuclear enhanced radiation tactical nuclear weapon, [1978].
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1987 Dec 8
Typescript transcript of interview with US Adm James David Watkins, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Manpower), Navy Department, 1975-[1979], Vice Chief of Naval Operations, 1980-1981, Commander-in-Chief, US Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), 1981-1982, and Chief of Naval Operations, 1982-[1986], relating to the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 1983-1986; US development of the Martin-Marietta MGM-118 (MX) Peacekeeper Heavy Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 1974-1981; US military intervention in Grenada, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean, Oct-Dec 1983; the close working relationship US President Ronald (Wilson) Reagan had with the joint Chiefs of Staff, 1981-1986.
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1987 Nov 12
Typescript transcript of interview with Caspar Willard Weinberger, US Secretary of Defense, 1981-1987, relating to the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the modernisation of US strategic weapons systems, 1981-1983; speculation on the forthcoming signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, Jun 1988; the speech made by US President Reagan announcing the launch of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), Washington DC, USA, 23 Mar 1983; US investment in SDI, 1983-1986.
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[1988]
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Manhattan Project, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1943-1946, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1946-1960, Director General, European Organisation for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland, 1961-1965, and Instructor and Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1965-[1988], relating to nuclear research in Germany, 1934-1939; the first successful splitting of an atom of Uranium by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Berlin, Germany, Dec 1938; the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the TRINITY Atomic Test, the detonation of the first atomic bomb, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, Alamogordo Desert, New Mexico, USA, 16 Jul 1945; the reaction to the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; the Bernard Mannes Baruch report, to the United Nations (UN) Atomic Energy Commission, on outlawing atomic war, 1946.
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1986 Mar 27
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Jerome B Wiesner, Director, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1952-1962, Special Assistant on Science and Technology to US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961-1964, and President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1979-1980, relating to the US nuclear strategy of counter force, attacking an enemy's nuclear and military forces instead of centres of population or economic targets, [1962]; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the cancellation of the North American XB-70A Valkyrie strategic bomber project [1962]; the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (the ABM Treaty), May 1972.
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1986 Mar 27
Typescript transcript of interview with Dr Jerome Bert Wiesner, Special Assistant to US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy on Science and Technology, 1961-1964, and President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1971-1980, relating to the inaugural address by US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Washington DC, USA, Jan 1961; the increase in the production of US Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), [1961-1962]; the Soviet resumption of atmospheric nuclear tests, Sep 1961, and the US resumption of atmospheric nuclear tests, Apr 1962; the Soviet deployment of SS-4 'Sandal' Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) and SS-5 'Skean' Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) to Cuba, Oct 1962; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Aug 1963.
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[1989]
Typescript transcript of extracts of interviews with Professor Albert Wohlstetter, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA, [1955], relating to the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the development of the nuclear doctrine of counterforce, emphasising limited nuclear strikes against an enemy's armed forces and not against civilian populations, 1962; the defence policies of Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968; the Gaither Report, a Ford Foundation Commission Study, that concluded that the USSR was ahead of the USA in the production of nuclear missiles, and that the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF, was vulnerable to a Soviet first strike, Oct 1957.
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1988 Mar 12
Typescript transcript of interview with Professor Herbert Frank York, Physicist, Manhattan Project, 1942-1946, Director, Defense Research and Engineering, Office of the US Secretary of Defense, 1958-1961, Professor of Physics, University of California, San Diego, USA, 1964-[1988], and US Ambassador to the Comprehensive Test Ban Negotiations, 1979-1981, relating to the Manhattan Project, the Anglo-US project to develop an atomic bomb, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 1942-1946; the use, by the USAAF (US Army Air Force), of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 6 and 9 Aug 1945; US development of thermonuclear weapons, 1949-1952; the Korean War, 1950-1953; detonation of the first US hydrogen bomb, Operation IVY, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, Nov 1952; the launch of the Soviet Sputnik I and Sputnik II Earth orbiting satellites, Oct and Nov 1957; the US Strategic Air Command's Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for the use of nuclear weapons against the USSR, 1960; the influence of the Vietnam War on US Defense Policy, 1965-1975; the US development of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV) [1968-1972]; the US nuclear doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), [1962-1972]; the reformist policies of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, 1985-1991, and President of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1988-1991.
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[1988 Mar 12]
Typescript transcript of interview with Herbert Frank York, Physicist, Manhattan Project, 1942-1946, Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California, USA, 1952-1958, member of US President's Science Advisory Committee, 1957-1968, Director, Defense Research and Engineering, Office of the US Secretary of Defense, 1958-1961, Professor of Physics, University of California, San Diego, USA, 1964-[1988], and US Ambassador to the Comprehensive Test Ban Negotiations, 1979-1981, relating to the development of tactical nuclear weapons at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, 1952-1958; the launch of the Soviet Sputnik I and Sputnik II Earth orbiting satellites, Oct and Nov 1957; US development of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), 1947-1958; the development of the Chrysler Jupiter SM-78 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM), 1954-1957; the development of the Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris A1 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), [1955-1960]; the US strategic policy of massive retaliation, 1954-1960; the Gaither Report, a Ford Foundation Commission Study, that concluded that the USSR was ahead of the USA in the production of nuclear missiles, and that the Strategic Air Command (SAC), USAF, was vulnerable to a Soviet first strike, Oct 1957.
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