A new report published today shows how palliative and end of life care in the UK was compromised by shortages of PPE, essential medicines, and equipment, because these services were not seen as ‘frontline NHS’ in the pandemic.

Better End of Life – a collaboration between Marie Curie, King’s College London Cicely Saunders Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, and the University of Cambridge – is a new research programme that will examine evidence on the current state of dying, death and bereavement across the four nations of the UK and propose a policy agenda aimed at helping to ensure that everyone has the best possible end of life experience.

Today’s report, which launches the programme, is the first comprehensive review of dying, death and bereavement during COVID-19 and highlights valuable lessons for the long-term future of palliative and end of life care and bereavement support in the UK.

The report says more needs to be done to understand the care people did and didn’t receive to ensure that the whole system is ready for the increased number of people dying in the future, which is projected to be 100,000 more people a year across the UK in 20 years.

In 2020, the number of people who died was just over 695,000 – an increase of 91,000 on the previous five-year average (604,000). There has also been a large increase in deaths at home - the overwhelming majority of which were from causes other than COVID-19.

Fliss Murtagh, Professor of Palliative Care and Associate Director of the Wolfson Palliative Care Centre, University of Hull, and co-researcher, said: 'While hospital and care homes deaths have increased during the pandemic waves, home deaths have increased throughout all of the last twelve months’, even between the waves. Home-based services have therefore had to provide more support for people dying at home and their families, over the last year.'

Experts warn that the last year has been a stress-test for community-based palliative care., in homes and care homes. Dr Stephen Barclay, a GP and Consultant in Palliative Care from the Department of Public Health and Primary Care at the University of Cambridge, and co-researcher, said: ‘General Practitioners, Community Nurses and Care Home staff have all been at the front line of end of life care during the pandemic. There is a pressing need for their central role in caring for people at the end of their lives to be recognised, supported and adequately resourced.’

The research report was carried out by an Expert Group made up of clinical academics in palliative medicine and primary care from King’s College London, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, and the University of Cambridge, as well as other researchers with both clinical and non-clinical backgrounds.

The Group’s work was shaped and informed by a Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) Reference Group and members of the Cicely Saunders Institute PPI web-based forum. It is the insights from these individuals and carers, and the professionals supporting them which lie at the centre of the research findings and policy recommendations.

The Better End of Life 2021 report contains unpublished UK data from CovPall, a multinational observational study of the role and response of palliative care during the COVID-19 pandemic funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) with additional support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration, South London, hosted at King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and Cicely Saunders International. Findings from CovPall have shown that palliative care teams in all settings were stretched to and beyond capacity, but proved a vital component to the emergency pandemic response.

However, too often, the ability of palliative care services to provide vital care and support was undermined by failing to be treated as a frontline NHS service.

Primary care services also delivered more palliative and end of life care, with GPs and district nurses increasing their support for people dying at home.

However, community and home-based care was particularly stretched, meaning people may not have been able to access the support they needed. At the same time, slogans such as ‘stay at home, protect the NHS’ may have discouraged people with life-limiting illnesses to seek hospital care when they needed it.

The researchers highlight that societal preferences and expectations for death and dying may have permanently changed, and if so, that new models of delivering palliative and end of life care in the community would be needed to reduce pressures on the NHS and ensure dying people are supported to die well at home.

Attention is also needed to ensuring carers and family members do not become overwhelmed, as many have done during the pandemic. Greater support for those affected by bereavement and complicated grief during the pandemic is also urgently needed.

Dr Stephen Barclay added: 'Alongside the Better End of Life report, a new survey of bereaved carers showed over 75 percent of people who died at home during the pandemic may not have got all the health and social care they needed.'

Carers also shared that they took on more emotional burdens when caring for their dying loved one, yet three out of four of all respondents felt they were not offered all the care and support they needed as carers.

In light of today’s report, end of life charity Marie Curie is calling for a long-term settlement to ensure end of life care is sustainably funded, with a particular emphasis on ensuring people dying at home, and their carers, always receive the support they need.

Marie Curie Chief Executive Matthew Reed, said: ‘Many people will not be able to forget the deaths we have experienced this last year, but it is crucial that the lessons learned during the pandemic are applied to policy and practice in ways that help ensure that, in future, everyone has the best possible end of life care and experience.

Palliative and end of life care must be an essential part of the health and social care system and not a forgotten after-thought. Hospitals and care homes have rightly had a focus in the pandemic but the Better End of Life 2021 Research Report shows us that many in our society fall through the cracks when they need support at the end of life.

How the dying spend their final days lives on in the memory of the people who love them. It is true that most people would choose to die at home, but no one should be allowed to die in pain and without the essential care they need. Today, we are calling for a long-term settlement to make sure end of life care is sustainably funded, with a particular emphasis on ensuring people dying at home always receive the support they need.

The Better End of Life research programme has never been more needed. In the coming years it will help national and local decision makers across the UK have the evidence they need to improve end of life experience for all.'

Further information

More about the CovPall study

About the Survey of carers commissioned by Marie Curie

Respondents confirmed that they both knew someone who had died at home from March 2020 to date and were involved in caring for that person. Respondents were from the following nations within Great Britain: Scotland: 97; Wales: 80; England: 818

Over 75 percent of people who died at home during the pandemic may not have got all the health and social care they needed.

Carers surveyed said their loved one didn’t get all the help they needed with pain management (66%), personal care (64%) and out-of-hours support (66%) before they died at home. 79% shared that the pandemic meant they took on more emotional burdens when caring for their dying loved, and 75 percent of all respondents felt they were not offered all the care and support they needed as carers.

Further information on the Marie Curie website.

Marie Curie’s own analysis found that overall since March 2020, deaths at home rose as a proportion of total deaths in Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) from 24% to 29%, compared with the five-year average for the same period, while deaths in care homes rose from 22% to 24%, with a corresponding fall in the proportion of hospital deaths 47% to 42%.

Funding information

This report was supported by Marie Curie, grant [MCSON-20-102]. The CovPall study is jointly funded by UKRI and NIHR [COV0011; MR/V012908/1], with additional support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration, South London, hosted at King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and Cicely Saunders International (Registered Charity No. 1087195). Professor Katherine Sleeman is funded by an NIHR Clinician Scientist Fellowship (CS-2015-15-005) and is the Laing Galazka Chair in Palliative Care at King’s College London, funded by an endowment from Cicely Saunders International and the Kirby Laing Foundation. Professor Fliss Murtagh is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator, Professor Irene Higginson is an NIHR Senior Investigator Emeritus. Professor Higginson and Dr Stephen Barclay are supported by the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) South London (SL) and NIHR ARC East of England respectively. Dr Anna Bone is funded by the Dunhill Medical Trust and Cicely Saunders International.